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Variations leads to Evolution

- October 11, 2017

Without genetic, variation, there could be no evolution. Imagine that all individuals in a special had the exact same set of genes. Their offspring would all be the same, and would all have an equal chance of survival. It's the variations in genes, which are expressed as variations in traits that cause some individuals to thrive and others to fall prey to predators and other threats in their environment. Consider the finch, the bird that famously caught darwin's attention on his voyage to the Galapagos islands. Finches have different kinds of beaks, each one best suited for a particular task. Some beaks are best for cracking hard nuts, others for reaching into tight spaces, still others for eating small seeds. The type of beak that an individual finch has will affect that finch's ability to survive in a given environment . If there is drought that kills the plant that produce small seeds, the finches with large, st...

Addictive Drugs

- October 10, 2017

Drugs are substances that alter or change the normal function of the mind or body. Drug if used continuously permanently changes the chemistry and neural structures of the brain as a result normal functioning without the drug is made nearly impossible. This uncontrollable desire for drugs is known as addiction. Generally people get drug addicted when they uses-chemicals which relax them relive pain, or heighten their awareness. If it makes feel good, they want more. Without the drug, they feel tense, tortured, and generally miserable. Enjoyment of a drug's is the mental aspect of addiction. The loss of control, the inability to manage when or how much it is used, is the most obvious indicator, of addiction. Sometime people suffer from emotional addiction and they believe that they need drugs in order to achieve some goals or they-use drugs to avoid feelings of depression or anxiety (common symptoms of mental illness). Add...

Vitamins

- October 08, 2017

The name vitamin was originally vitamine because the first one that was found was an amine, hence the name vital amine or vitamine. Subsequent studies of other such substance showed taht they were not all amine. So, the "e" was dropped. Vitamins are organic compounds that can not be synthesized by an organsim but are very essential for the maintenance of normal metabolism and therfore must be included in the diet. The absence or deficiency of vitamins in diet results in various diseases. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are the three major classes of foods. To remin healthy we must take in relatively large amount of these substances. They are not however , the only nutrients we require. Some of our needs are satisfied only by vitamins and minerals. Type of vitamins Vitamin A : Vitamin A may be obtained from green vegetables and fruits , fish liver oil, eggs, butter, cheese etc. Vitamin A is not found in plants as such. It is ...

Uses of salts

- October 08, 2017

Salts have many different uses, ranging from household to big industries. Many salts, like sodium chloride , are necessary for life itself. Calcium phosphate is the main ingredient of our bones. Some salts, like calcium sulphate dihydrates (CaSO4. 2H2O) are used in building materials. Some of the most common salts and their uses are given below. 1. Sodium carbonate (na2 CO3) : is also called as soda ash or washing soda. It is used as a cleaning agent in laundries and as water softner. It is also used as raw material in glass manufacturing. It also finds applications in paper industry, petroleum refining industry and leather industry. 2. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) NaHCO3 : is also called baking soda because it is used for baking cake and other confectionaries. It is used in medicine as antacid and also in tooth paste etc. 3. Copper sulphate (Cu SO4 5H2O) (blue vitriol): it is used for copper plating in electropalati...

Biological consequences of smoking

- October 06, 2017

Smoking can have major negative biological effects on the human body. Tobacco smoke contains, tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide , nitrogen, hydrogen cyanide and metals. The majority of the particulate matter that is inhaled by a smoker is composed of tar. Within a particle of tar, there are many different harmful organic chemicals identified as carcinogens and tumor initiators. Tar in its solid from is the component that stains the teeth and fingers of smokers. This substance also can stain and damage the lung tissue. Tar also increase the production of mucous and phlrgm. Bad social effects of smoking Breathing of smoke laden air by the nonsmokers is know as passive smoking. Majority of the nonsmokers are allergic to cigarette smoke as it produces irritation in their eyes and throats. They can also develop cancer by continuously living in an environment polluted with cigarette smoke. Moreover the people do not like the company of cigarette smokers due to bad s...

Process of urine formation

- October 04, 2017

Process of urine formation can be divided in to three sub processes. 1. Pressure Filtration Arterial blood comes to the glomerulus with pressure exerted by the pumping of blood by the heart. This blood while passing through glomerulus is filtered into Bowman's capsule. Blood is filtered here because walls of the glomerulus are porous, and the fraction of the blood pressure reaching here provides the filtration pressure. This filtrate collected in glomerulus is called as glomerular filtrate. Every thing which is smaller than the pores of the glomerulus is filtered out of the blood. Generally blood cells and plasma proteins are not filtered out whereas water and dissolved salts, sugar, medicines and nitrogenous wastes are filtered out of the glomerulus into the Bowmann's capsule. From here they enter the next part the renal tubule. As many useful substance such as glucose, amino acids, salts etc are still present in Bowmann's filtrate in aqueous...

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